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Author Guidelines
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<section>
    <div class="container">
        <h2 class="h4">Guidelines for Authors</h2>
        <hr>
        <div class="content">
            <div id="online-manuscript-submission">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">ONLINE MANUSCRIPT SUBMISSION</h5>
                <p>Authors are requested to electronically submit their papers to this journal for evaluation and
                    submission at <a
                        href="https://bentham.manuscriptpoint.com">https://bentham.manuscriptpoint.com</a>/<a
                        href="https://www.benthamscience.com/mps/index.html" class="text-primary"> View Submission
                        Instructions</a>. The Manuscript Processing System (MPS) has been designed to ensure step-by-step online processing and
                tracking of manuscripts for authors, editors and the publisher from submission to acceptance and final
                reproduction.</p>
                <p>Through the submission process, this website will guide authors through each stage. The text, tables,
                    and artwork should be uploaded at (<a
                        href="https://bentham.manuscriptpoint.com">https://bentham.manuscriptpoint.com</a>) in
                    electronic format by the authors. However, the authors who are unable to provide an electronic
                    version or who are facing other difficulties must contact the editorial office by emailing at
                    <a
                    href="mailto:info@benthamscience.net">info@benthamscience.net</a> to discuss any alternatives. Submissions that do not adhere to these
                    guidelines will unfortunately not be taken into consideration.</p>

                <p>Manuscripts must be submitted by one of the authors of the manuscript, and should not be submitted by
                    anyone on their behalf. The principal/corresponding author will be required to submit a Copyright
                    Letter
                    along with the manuscript, on behalf of all the co-authors (if any). The author(s) will confirm that
                    the
                    manuscript (or any part of it) has not been published previously or is not under consideration for
                    publication elsewhere. Furthermore, any illustration, structure or table that has been published
                    elsewhere must be reported, and copyright permission for reproduction must be obtained.</p>
            </div> 
            <div id="free-format-submission">       
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">FREE FORMAT SUBMISSION</h5>
                <p>The author's time is valuable and should not be wasted on research formatting. Free Format Submission
                makes it easier and faster to prepare text for submission.</p>
                <p>When submitting to any Bentham journal, authors are not required to follow any formatting guidelines.
                    When an article is accepted for publication, authors can submit it in the format of their choice, and
                    Bentham will convert it into a journal-specific format for them.</p>
                <p>If the submission is accepted for publication, Bentham will format it in accordance with the style and
                    format of the journal.</p>
                <p>For all online submissions, please provide soft copies ofall the materials (main text in MS Word or
                    Tex/LaTeX), figures/illustrations in TIFF, PDF or JPEG, and chemical structures drawn in ChemDraw
                    (CDX)/ISISDraw (TGF) as separate files, while a PDF version of the entire manuscript must also be
                    included, embedded with all the figures/illustrations/tables/chemical, structures, <italic>etc</italic>
                    ., It is advisable that the document files related to a manuscript submission should always have the
                    name of the corresponding author as part of the file name, i.e., “Cilli MS text.doc," "Cilli MS Figure
                    1",<italic>etc</italic>.</p>
                <p>It is imperative that before submission, authors should carefully proofread the files for special
                    characters, mathematical symbols, Greek letters, equations, tables and images, to ensure that they
                    appear in a proper format.</p> 
				<p>References, figures, tables, chemical, structures, <italic>etc</italic>., should be referred to in the
                text at the appropriate place where they have been first discussed. Figure legends/captions should also
                be provided.</p>
                <p>Successful electronic submission of a manuscript will be followed by a system-generated acknowledgements
                    to the principal/corresponding author. Any queries therein should be addressed to <a
                        href="mailto:info@benthamscience.net">info@benthamscience.net</a></p>
            </div>
			<sec id="copyright-archiving-policy">
            <title>COPYRIGHT</title>
            <sec>
                <p>Authors who publish in Bentham Science print & online journals will transfer copyright to their work
                    to Bentham Science Publishers. Submission of a manuscript to the respective journals implies that
                    all authors have read and agreed to the content of the Copyright Letter or the Terms and Conditions.
                    It is a condition of publication that manuscripts submitted to this journal have not been published
                    and will not be simultaneously submitted or published elsewhere. Plagiarism is strictly forbidden,
                    and by submitting the article for publication the authors agree that the publishers have the legal
                    right to take appropriate action against the authors, if plagiarism or fabricated information is
                    discovered. By submitting a manuscript, the authors agree that the copyright of their article is
                    transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication. Once submitted to
                    the journal, the author will not withdraw their manuscript at any stage prior to publication.</p>
                <p>It is mandatory that a signed copyright letter also be submitted along with the manuscript by the
                    author to whom correspondence is to be addressed. The article should not contain any such material
                    or information that may be unlawful, defamatory, fabricated, plagiarized, or which would, if
                    published, in any way whatsoever, violate the terms and conditions as laid down in the copyright
                    agreement. Copyright letter can be downloaded from the journal's Web site. <a
                        href="/images/pdf/copyright-letters/copyright-letter-biomed.pdf" class="text-primary"
                        target="_blank">Download the Copyright letter.</a></p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
                <title>PERMISSION FOR REPRODUCTION</title>
                <p><strong>Permission to Reuse Bentham Content</strong></p>
                <p>Bentham Science has collaborated with the Copyright Clearance Center to meet our customer’s
                    licensing, besides rights & permission needs.</p>
                <p>The Copyright Clearance Center’s <a
                        href="https://www.copyright.com/solutions-rightslink-scientific-communications/"
                        target="_blank">RightsLink®</a> service makes it faster and easier to secure permission from
                    Bentham Science’s journal titles. Visit <a
                        href="https://www.benthamscience.com/bypublication"> Journals by Title</a>and locate the desired
                    content. Then go to the article’s abstract and click on “Rights and Permissions” to open the
                    RightsLink’s page. If authors can't find the content they are looking for or can't get the rights
                    they need, please contact us at <a
                        href="mailto:permissions@benthamscience.net">permissions@benthamscience.net</a></p>
                <p><strong>Third-Party Permissions</strong></p>
                <p>Authors are responsible for managing the inclusion of third-party content as an author/editor of a
                    work. We refer to 'third party content' as any work that authors haven't developed themselves and
                    have copied or adapted from other sources. Text, figures, photographs, tables, screenshots, and
                    other items may be included.</p>
                <p>Unless the figure is in the public domain (copyright-free) or permitted for use under Creative
                    Commons or other open licences, the author must get permission from the copyright holder(s).</p>
                <p>Published/reproduced material should not be included unless written permission has been obtained from
                    the copyright holder, which should be forwarded to the Editorial Office in case of acceptance of the
                    article for publication.</p>
                <sec>
                    <title>Open Access Articles</title>
                    <p>Articles are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
                        Public License (CC-BY 4.0) (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode"
                            class="text-primary"
                            target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode</a>), which permits
                        unrestricted distribution and reproduction in any medium, as long as the work is properly
                        credited/attributed. For more details, please visit <a href="/open-access-plus"
                            class="text-primary" target="_blank">Open Access Policy</a></p>
                </sec>
            </sec>

            <div id="manuscript-published">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">MANUSCRIPTS PUBLISHED</h5>
                <p>The journal publishes peer-reviewed full-length review articles, research papers and drug clinical
                    trial
                    studies written in English. Single topic/thematic issues may also be considered for publication.</p>
                <div>
                    <h6>Single Topic Issues</h6>
                    <p>These special issues are peer-reviewed and may contain invited or uninvited review/mini-review
                        articles. A Single Topic Issue Editor will offer a short perspective and co-ordinate the
                        solicitation of manuscripts between 3-5 (for a mini-thematic issue) to 6-10 (for a full-length
                        thematic issue) from leading scientists. Authors interested in editing a single topic issue in
                        an
                        emerging field of outstanding developments in neurovascular and drug clinical trial studies may
                        submit their proposal to the Editor-in-Chief at <a
                            href="mailto:thematicissue@benthamscience.net"
                            class="text-primary">thematicissue@benthamscience.net</a> for
                        consideration.</p>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>Conference Proceedings</h6>
                    <p>For proposals to publish conference proceedings in this journal, please contact us at email <a
                            href="mailto:proceedings@benthamscience.net"
                            class="text-primary">proceedings@benthamscience.net</a> for
                        consideration.</p>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6 class="my-2">MANUSCRIPTS LENGTH</h6>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Review Articles</h6>
                        <p>The length of a published comprehensive review article is from 6000-10000 words with 100 or
                            more references excluding figures, structures, photographs, schemes, tables, <em>etc</em>.
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Mini-Reviews</h6>
                        <p>Mini-reviews should be 3000- 6000 words with 75 or more references excluding figures,
                            structures,
                            photographs, schemes, tables, <em>etc</em>.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Systematic Reviews</h6>
                        <p>Systematic Reviews include systematic updates on review protocols, methods, research and
                            results
                            from all relevant fields for any studies and updates on already published issues. The total
                            number of words for a published systematic review is from 4000 to 6000 words with 100 or
                            more
                            references excluding figures, structures, photographs, schemes, tables <em>etc</em>.
                            Systematic reviews and meta-analyses must be reported according to PRISMA guidelines; (<a
                                href="http://www.prisma-statement.org"
                                class="text-primary">www.prisma-statement.org</a>).</p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Registration of Systematic Reviews</h6>
                        <p>Bentham Science Publishers supports retrospective registration of systematic reviews, in a
                            suitable registry (such as <a href="https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/"
                                class="text-primary">PROSPERO</a>). The
                            registered systematic review must include the registration number as the last line of the
                            manuscript abstract.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Research Articles</h6>
                        <p>Research articles should be of 4000-6000 words with 75 or more references excluding figures,
                            structures, photographs, schemes, tables, <em>etc</em>.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Randomized Drug Clinical Trial Studies</h6>
                        <p>Trial studies should be 4000 to 6000 words with 50 or more references excluding figures,
                            structures, photographs, schemes, tables etc.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Editorials</h6>
                        <p>Editorials are short papers on important topics related to the journal. The total number of
                            words
                            in an editorial should not exceed 1000 to 1500, and it should contain only 10-15 references.
                            An abstract
                            is not required. </p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Commentaries</h6>
                        <p>Commentaries present an analysis by scientists on different important issues related to the
                            publications in the journal. Commentaries should contain less than 3000 words, including the
                            abstract, main text, references, and figure legends. However, an abstract is not necessary.
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Perspectives</h6>
                        <p>A perspective provides a short overview of a research topic relevant to the field. The length
                            of
                            a published perspective ranges from 1500 to 1800 words, with 20 or more references,
                            excluding
                            figures, structures, photographs, schemes, tables, <em>etc</em>.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Industry News</h6>
                        <p>Industry News should provide important developments in industries related to the scope of the
                            Journal, that could be of interest to the readers. The length of the submission should be
                            about 1000 words, and it should ideally have 10 or more references (abstract is not
                            required).</p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Patent News</h6>
                        <p>Patent News may present important information about recent important patents that have been
                            granted, relevant to the scope of this journal. The length should be about 1000 words, and
                            it should ideally have 10 or more references (abstract is not required).</p>
                        <p>There is no restriction on the number of figures, tables or additional files <i>e.g.</i>
                            video clips, animation and datasets, that can be included with each article online. Authors
                            should include all relevant supporting data with each article (Refer to Supplementary
                            Material section).</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>

            <div id="manuscript-preparation">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION</h5>
                <p>The manuscript should be written in English in a clear, direct and active style. All pages must be
                    numbered sequentially, facilitating in the reviewing and editing of the manuscript.</p>
                <div>
                    <h6>MICROSOFT WORD TEMPLATE</h6>
                    <p>It is advisable that authors prepare their manuscript using the template available on the Web,
                        which
                        will assist in preparation of the manuscript according to journal’s format. <a
                            href="https://www.benthamscience.com/images/pdf/template-files/cnr-template.docx"
                            class="text-primary">Download the
                            Template</a>.</p>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>SECTIONS IN MANUSCRIPTS</h6>
                    <p>Manuscripts submitted for research and review articles in the journal should be divided into the
                        following sections:</p>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <p>Title</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Title page</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Structured Abstract</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Graphical Abstract</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Keywords</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Text Organization</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Conclusion</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>List of Abbreviations (if any)</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Consent for Publication</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Conflict of Interest</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Acknowledgements</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>References</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Appendices</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Figures/Illustrations (if any)</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Chemical Structures (if any)</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Tables (if any)</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Supportive/Supplementary Material (if any)</p>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Title</h6>
                        <p>The title of the article should be precise and brief and must not be more than 120
                            characters.
                            Authors should avoid the use of non-standard abbreviations and question marks in titles. The
                            first letter of each word should be in capital letters except for articles, conjunctions and
                            prepositions.</p>
                        <p>As recommended by the Reporting guidelines information about the study should be a part of
                            the
                            title (particularly for randomized or clinical trials, systematic reviews and meta
                            analyses).
                        </p>
                        <p>Authors should also provide a short 'running title with no more than 80 characters'. Title,
                            running title, byline, correspondent footnote, and keywords should be written as presented
                            in
                            the original manuscript.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Title Page</h6>
                        <p>Title page should include paper title, author(s) full name and affiliation, corresponding
                            author(s) names complete affiliation/address, along with phone, fax and email. </p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Structured Abstract:</h6>
                        <p>The abstract of an article should be a clear, concise and accurate summary, having no more than
                            250 words, and including the explicit sub-headings (as in-line or run-in headings in bold). Use
                            of abbreviations should be avoided and the references should not be cited in the abstract.</p>
                        <p>All the original research articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses must be accompanied by a
                            structured abstract. Ideally, each abstract should include the following sub-headings, but these
                            may vary according to the requirements of the article.</p>
                        <list list-type="bullet"><list-item>
                                <p><strong>Introduction/Objective:</strong> Summarize the objective or purpose of the
                                    research in a few sentences.</p>
                            </list-item><list-item>
                                <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Give a brief description of the research design, methodology,
                                    and other relevant details about the conduct of the study.</p>
                            </list-item><list-item>
                                <p><strong>Results:</strong> Outline the main conclusions or findings of the study, often
                                    with statistical data or significant findings.</p>
                            </list-item><list-item>
                                <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Provide an overview of the study's key findings and any
                                    implications.</p>
                            </list-item></list>
                        <p>The headings can vary, but must state the purpose of the study, details of the participants,
                            measurements, methods, main findings and conclusion.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Graphical Abstract</h6>
                        <p>A graphic should be included when possible with each manuscript for use in the Table of
                            Contents
                            (TOC). This must be submitted separately as an electronic file (preferred file types are
                            EPS,
                            PDF, TIFF, Microsoft Word, PowerPoint and CDX etc.). A graphical abstract, not exceeding 30
                            words along with the illustration, helps to summarize the contents of the manuscript in a
                            concise pictorial form. It is meant as an aid for the rapid viewing of the journals'
                            contents
                            and to help capture the readers’ attention. The graphical abstract may feature a key
                            structure,
                            reaction, equation, etc. that the manuscript elucidates upon. It will be listed along with
                            the
                            manuscript title, authors’ names and affiliations in the contents page, typeset within an
                            area
                            of 5 cm by 17 cm, but it will not appear in the article's PDF file or print.</p>
                        <p>Graphical Abstracts should be submitted as a separate file (must clearly mention graphical
                            abstract within the file) online via Bentham's Manuscript Processing System (MPS).</p>
                        <p>You can view a few examples of the <a
                                href="https://www.benthamscience.com/pages/graphical-abstracts"
                                class="text-primary">Graphical Abstracts</a> on our
                            website.</p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Keywords</h6>
                        <p>6 to 8 keywords must be provided. Choose important and relevant keywords that researchers in
                            your
                            field will be searching for so that your paper will appear in a database search. The
                            keywords
                            should be contained in the title and they should appear several times in the article. In
                            biomedical fields, MeSH terms are a good ‘common vocabulary’ source to draw keywords from <a
                                href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html"
                                class="text-primary">https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/meshhome.html</a>.
                        </p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Text Organization</h6>
                        <p>The main text should begin on a separate page and should be divided into title page, abstract
                            and
                            the main text. The text may be subdivided further according to the areas to be discussed,
                            which
                            should be followed by the List of Abbreviations, Conflict of Interest, Acknowledgements and
                            Reference sections. For review, the manuscript should be divided into title page, abstract
                            and
                            the main text. The Review Article should mention any previous important recent and old
                            reviews
                            in the field and contain a comprehensive discussion starting with the general background of
                            the
                            field. It should then go on to discuss the salient features of recent developments. The
                            authors
                            should avoid presenting material which has already been published in a previous review. The
                            authors are advised to present and discuss their observations in brief.</p>
                        <p>For Research Articles the manuscript should begin with the title page and abstract followed
                            by
                            the main text, which must be structured into separate sections as <strong>Introduction,
                                Materials
                                and Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Ethics Approval and Consent to
                                Participate,
                                Human and Animal Rights, Conflict of Interest, Acknowledgements and References</strong>.
                        </p>
                        <p>All randomized clinical trials must include a flow diagram and authors should provide a
                            completed
                            randomized trial checklist (see CONSORT Flow Diagram and Checklist; <a
                                href="http://www.consort-statement.org/"
                                class="text-primary">www.consort-statement.org</a>) and a trial
                            protocol.</p>
                        <p>The manuscript style must be uniform throughout the text and 10 pt Times New Roman font
                            should be
                            used. The full term for an abbreviation should precede its first appearance in the text
                            unless
                            it is a standard unit of measurement. The reference numbers should be given in square
                            brackets
                            in the text. Italics should be used for Binomial names of organisms (Genus and Species), for
                            emphasis and for unfamiliar words or phrases. Non-assimilated words from Latin or other
                            languages should also be italicized e.g. <em>per se, et al. etc.</em>
                        </p>
                        <div>
                            <h6>SECTION HEADINGS</h6>
                            <p>Section headings should be numbered sequentially, left aligned and have the first letter
                                capitalized, starting with the introduction. Sub-section headings however, should be in
                                lower-case and italicized with their initials capitalized. They should be numbered as
                                1.1,
                                1.2, <em>etc</em>.</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                            <h6>INTRODUCTION</h6>
                            <p>The Introduction section should include the background and aims of the research in a
                                comprehensive manner.</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                            <h6>MATERIALS AND METHODS</h6>
                            <p>This section provides details of the methodology used along with information on any
                                previous
                                efforts with corresponding references. Any details for further modifications and
                                research
                                should be included. Sufficient details should be provided to the reader about the
                                original
                                data source in order to enable the analysis, appropriateness and verification of the
                                results
                                reported in the study.</p>
                            <p> It is important for the Methods Section should be sufficiently detailed in respect of
                                the
                                data presented, and the results produced from it. This section should include all the
                                information and protocol gathered for the study at the time when it was being written.
                                If
                                the study is funded or financially supported by an organization to conduct the research,
                                then it should be mentioned in the Methods Section. Methods must be result-oriented. The
                                statement regarding the approval by an independent local, regional or national review
                                committee (e.g. name of ethic committee and institutional review board) should be part
                                of
                                the Methods Section.</p>
                            <div>
                                <h6>Transparent reporting on AI and AI-assisted Technologies</h6> 
                                <p>Authors who use AI tools for the production of images or graphical elements of the paper, or in the collection and analysis of data, must disclose the use of such tools in the Materials and Methods (or similar section) of the paper, stating how the AI tool was used and which tool was used.  </p>
                                <p>Bentham Science Publishers will assess whether the manner AI was used and declared is reasonable and compliant with its published principles and practices. After publication, content may be rejected or changed due to inadequate declaration or the specific circumstances of its use.</p>

                            </div>      
                        </div>
                        <div>
                            <h6>EXPERIMENTAL</h6>
                            <p>Repeated information should not be reported in the text of an article. A calculation
                                section
                                must include experimental data, facts and practical development from a theoretical
                                perspective.</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                            <h6>RESULTS</h6>
                            <p>Results should be precise.</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                            <h6>DISCUSSION</h6>
                            <p>This should explore the significance of the results of the work, present a reproducible
                                procedure and emphasis the importance of the article in the light of recent developments
                                in
                                the field. Extensive citations and discussion of published literature should be avoided.
                            </p>
                            <p>This section of research articles should discuss the implications of the findings in the
                                context of existing research and highlight the study's limitations. The authors should
                                justify the sample size according to the study purpose and methods.</p>
                            <p>The Results and Discussion may be presented together under one heading of “Results and
                                Discussion”. Alternatively, they may be presented under two separate sections (“Results”
                                section and “Discussion” Sections). Short sub-headings may be added in each section if
                                required. </p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                            <h6>CONCLUSION</h6>
                            <p>A small paragraph summarizing the contents of the article, presenting the final outcome
                                of
                                the research or proposing further study on the subject, may be given at the end of the
                                article under the Conclusion section.</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                            <h6>FUNDING</h6>
                            <p>The authors need to declare the funding sources of their manuscripts clearly by providing
                                the
                                name of the funding agency or financial support along with allotted grant/award number
                                in
                                round brackets (if applied), for instance, "This work was financially supported by [Name
                                of
                                the funding agency] (Grant number XXX)".</p>
                            <p>Similarly, if a paper does not have any specific funding source, and is part of the
                                employment of the authors, then the name of the employer will be required. Authors will
                                have
                                to clearly state that the funder was involved in writing, editing, approval, or decision
                                to
                                publish the article.</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                            <h6>Greek Symbols and Special Characters</h6>
                            <p>Greek symbols and special characters often undergo formatting changes and get corrupted
                                or
                                lost during preparation of manuscript for publication. To ensure that all special
                                characters
                                used are embedded in the text, these special characters should be inserted as a symbol
                                but
                                should not be a result of any format styling (Symbol font face) otherwise they will be
                                lost
                                during conversion to PDF/XML.</p>
                            <p>Authors are encouraged to consult reporting guidelines. These guidelines provide a set of
                                recommendations comprising a list of items relevant to their specific research design.
                                Chemical equations, chemical names, mathematical usage, unit of measurements, chemical
                                and
                                physical quantity &#x0026; units must conform to SI and Chemical Abstracts or IUPAC.</p>
                            <p>All kinds of measurements should be reported only in International System of Units (SI).
                            </p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                            <h6>Appendices</h6>
                            <p>In case there is a need to present lengthy, but essential methodological details,
                                appendices
                                must be used, which can be a part of the article. An appendix must not exceed three
                                pages
                                (Times New Roman, 10 point fonts, 900 max. words per page).The information should be
                                provided in a condensed form, ruling out the need of full sentences. A single appendix
                                should be titled APPENDIX, while more than one can be titled APPENDIX A, APPENDIX B, and
                                so
                                on.</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                            <h6>Supportive/Supplementary Material (if any)</h6>
                            <p>We do encourage to append supportive material, for example a PowerPoint file containing
                                information about the study, a PowerPoint file containing additional screenshots, a
                                Word,
                                RTF, or PDF document showing the original instrument(s) used, a video, or the original
                                data
                                (SAS/SPSS files, Ms Excel files, Access Db files etc.) provided it is inevitable or
                                endorsed
                                by the journal's Editor.</p>
                            <p>Supportive/Supplementary material intended for publication must be numbered and referred
                                to
                                in the manuscript but should not be a part of the submitted paper. In-text citations as
                                well
                                as a section with the heading "Supportive/Supplementary Material" before the
                                "References"
                                section should be provided. All Supportive/Supplementary Material must be listed and a
                                brief
                                caption line for each file describing its contents should be included.</p>
                            <p>Any additional files will be linked to the final published article in the form supplied
                                by
                                the author, but will not be displayed within the paper. They will be made available in
                                exactly the same form as originally provided only on our Web site. Please also make sure
                                that each additional file is a single table, figure or movie (please do not upload
                                linked
                                worksheets or PDF files larger than one sheet). Supportive/ Supplementary material must
                                be
                                provided in a single zipped file not larger than 4 MB.</p>
                            <p>Authors must clearly indicate if these files are not for publication but meant for the
                                reviewers'/editors' perusal only.</p>
                        </div>
                        <div>
                            <h6>List of Abbreviations</h6>
                            <p>If abbreviations are used in the text either they should be defined in the text where
                                first
                                used, or a list of abbreviations can be provided. </p>
                        </div>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>

            <div id="research-ethics-and-policies">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">RESEARCH ETHICS AND POLICIES</h5>
                <h6>CONFLICT OF INTEREST</h6>
                <div>
                    <h6>AUTHORS</h6>
                    <p>All potential conflicts of interest (competing interests) that could have a direct or indirect
                        influence on the work must be disclosed by the authors. Even if an author does not have a
                        conflict, disclosing affiliations and interests allows for a more comprehensive and open
                        approach, which leads to a more accurate and objective evaluation of the work. Conflicts of
                        interest, whether genuine or imagined, are a perspective to which the readers are entitled.</p>
                    <p>The publication of a conflict statement in the article itself, as well as the submission of the
                        conflict disclosure form, is required for all types of papers. It is not necessarily the case
                        that a monetary relationship with examination support or funding for counseling work is
                        inappropriate. Even if the authors do not have any conflict of interest, they still need to
                        provide a confirmation statement in their manuscripts, i.e., “The author(s) confirm(s) that
                        there is no conflict of interest related to the manuscript.”</p>
                    <p>The following are some examples of potential conflicts of interest that are directly or
                        indirectly related to the research:</p>
                    <p><strong>Financial competing interests include (but are not limited to):</strong></p>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <p>Type of support/grant number</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Institutional Conflicts of Interest</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Funds received by the author</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Funds received by the institution</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Travel allowances for the research</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Funds received for article preparation and reviewing</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Funds for conducting review activities</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Support provided for article writing assistance, for drugs, equipment, etc</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Paid lectures</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Pending fund or grant</p>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                    <p>Financial conflicts of interest can be personal as well as institutional. Personal conflict of
                        interest occurs when a contributor involved in the publication process either receives an amount
                        of money or expects to receive some financial help (including any other financial benefits such
                        as patents or stocks, gifts or services) that may impact the work related to a specific
                        publication. More importantly, in academic research, such financial relationships can lead to
                        institutional conflicts of interest (COIs) because the economic interests of the institution or
                        institutional representatives may unsuitably affect the decision-making process.</p>
                    <p>An institutional conflict of interest arises in a situation when financial interests of an
                        institution or any institutional official (e.g., investments held by the university in a
                        company) have the potential to unduly influence the research conducted by its employees or
                        students, or pose an unacceptable risk to human subjects. Such conflicts usually arise in a
                        state of affairs where a research project directly offers assistance or a benefit to an external
                        entity via evaluation, validation, trial or test of an invention, product, drug, service or
                        technology, and the institution holds a financial interest with the external entity. Such
                        financial interests incorporate, but are not limited to, receipt of licensing payments or
                        royalties from the external entity, or ownership interest with the external entity. When human
                        subjects are involved in any research project, and the institution supports such a financial
                        interest, the conflict of interest is speculated to be unreasonable.</p>
                    <p>
                        <strong>Non-financial competing interests include (but are not limited to):</strong>
                    </p>
                    <p>In addition, interests other than monetary and any funding (non-financial interests) should be
                        declared if they are relevant to readers. Personal relationships or conflicting interests
                        directly or indirectly related to research, as well as professional interests or personal
                        opinions that may impact your research, are examples of these. </p>
                    <p><strong>Intellectual property,</strong> in basic terms, refers to any intangible property that is
                        the result of
                        creativity, such as patents, copyrights, etc. Similarly, this section seeks to know about
                        copyright and patent (licensed patent, pending or issued) and any payment received for
                        intellectual property, such as:</p>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <p>Patent</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Licensed Patent</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Issued Patent</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Pending Patent</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Royalties</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>License</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Remarks</p>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>DISCLOSURE STATEMENT</h6>
                    <p>All conflict of interest disclosure forms are collected by the corresponding author. It is
                        sufficient for the corresponding author to sign the disclosure form on behalf of all authors in
                        author collaborations when legal agreements for representation allow it. The
                        templates of the form can be found here.</p>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <p><a target="_blank"
                                    href="https://openagriculturejournal.com/journal-files/conflict-of-interest/conflict-of-interest.docx"
                                    class="text-primary">Disclosure form </a></p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p><a target="_blank"
                                    href="https://openagriculturejournal.com/journal-files/conflict-of-interest/coi_disclosure.docx"
                                    class="text-primary">ICMJE disclosure form</a></p>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                    <p>Before the reference list, the corresponding author will include a summary statement in the text
                        of the article that reflects what is reported in the potential conflict of interest disclosure
                        form (s). Author(s) may declare(s) names of reviewers who they think might have a potential
                        conflict of interest; therefore, Editorial Office could avoid inviting such reviewers for an
                        unbiased opinion.</p>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>UNDISCLOSED CONFLICT OF INTEREST</h6>
                    <p>Undisclosed conflict of interest cases before or after the publication of an article are dealt
                        with as per the guidelines of COPE.</p>
                    <ol type="a">
                        <li>
                            <p>Undisclosed conflict of interest in a submitted article <a
                                    href="https://publicationethics.org/files/conflict-of-interest-submitted-manuscript-article-cope-flowchart.pdf">(View
                                    COPE guidelines)</a></p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Undisclosed conflict of interest in a published article <a
                                    href="https://publicationethics.org/files/conflict-of-interest-publlished-article-cope-flowchart-v2.pdf">(View
                                    COPE guidelines)</a></p>
                        </li>
                    </ol>
                    <p>For more information on COIs, see the guidance from the <a
                            href="http://icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/author-responsibilities--conflicts-of-interest.html"
                            class="text-primary">ICMJE.</a>
                    </p>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>PEER REVIEWERS</h6>
                    <p>Bentham Science tries to conduct a transparent peer-review process with the help of the reviewers
                        who do not have any conflict of interest with the authors. In this connection, reviewers who
                        belong to the same institute or countries as authors are not invited to review manuscripts.
                        However, it is not possible for the Editorial Office to be aware of all competing interests;
                        therefore, it is expected from authors to submit:</p>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <p>List of reviewers who they think have a conflict of interest to ensure a transparent and
                                unbiased review process.
                            </p>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                    <p>The Editorial Office expects reviewers:</p>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <p>Not to accept manuscript review requests if they have any potential conflict of interest
                                and inform the Editorial Office accordingly.
                            </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>To decline review requests if they have recently published or submitted an article with
                                any of the authors listed in the manuscript.
                            </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>To inform the Editorial Office if they have any personal relationship with the authors or
                                work in the same institutes as of authors, which could affect the review transparency.
                            </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>To abstain from reviewing and informing the Editorial Office/Editor-in-Chief/Handling
                                Editors about any scientific misconduct or fraud, plagiarism, conflict of interest, or
                                any other unethical behavior related to the manuscript, which they found while reviewing
                                it.
                            </p>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                    <p>During the submission of review comments, reviewers are asked to reconfirm that they do not have
                        any conflict of interest related to the article. After confirming the below statement, they can
                        submit their comments.</p>
                    <p>“I hereby confirm that I don’t have any conflict of interest related to the manuscript.”</p>
                    <p>If, however, there are still any remaining interests, then reviewers must mention those in the
                        ‘Confidential’ section of the review form.</p>
                    <p>Reviewers are not encouraged to contact authors directly regarding any of their conflicts of
                        interest. Peer reviewers should follow journals’ policies in situations they consider to
                        represent a conflict to reviewing.</p>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>UNDISCLOSED CONFLICT OF INTEREST</h6>
                    <p>If reviewers intentionally undisclosed any conflict of interest, then they will be blacklisted
                        for any future peer reviewing activity of the journal.</p>
                    <p>The Editorial Office always ensures that an author, if added after peer review activity of a
                        manuscript, is not part of the reviewers’ list who have conducted a peer review of the same
                        manuscript.</p>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>EDITORS</h6>
                    <p>Editors must not review submitted manuscripts if they have any personal, professional or
                        financial involvement/conflict of interest with the authors of the manuscript. Every participant
                        involved in the peer review process, including editorial board members, reviewers, and editors,
                        must declare any potential conflicts of interest to ensure a transparent and unbiased review
                        activity.</p>
                    <p>Editors-in-Chief or Editors who are responsible for the initial and final decision should recuse
                        themselves to review or take decisions on any manuscript that is written by authors affiliated
                        to the same institute as of editor, or if they have been a family member, competitor,
                        collaborator, or have published any manuscript in last 3 years with the authors associated with
                        the manuscript. They can however nominate someone else on the Board who could provide a neutral
                        opinion on the manuscript.</p>
                    <p>The Editorial office recommends editors to follow <a
                            href="https://publicationethics.org/files/A_Short_Guide_to_Ethical_Editing.pdf"
                            class="text-primary">COPE</a> and
                        <a href="https://wame.org/conflict-of-interest-in-peer-reviewed-medical-journals"
                            class="text-primary">WAME</a>
                        guidelines to process such manuscripts which involves their personal relationship.
                    </p>
                    <p>
                        <strong>Manuscripts submission by an Editor/Editor-in-Chief</strong>
                    </p>
                    <p>The initial and final decision on the manuscripts submitted by an Editor/Editor-in-Chief will be
                        taken by any other member of the Board. The Editorial Office will identify members who do not
                        have any potential conflict of interest with the Editor or Editor-in-Chief.</p>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>Acknowledgements</h6>
                    <p>Any research assistants or other individuals who assisted with the research but are not listed as
                        authors, such as those who carried out the literature review, produced, computerized, and
                        analyzed the data, or helped with the language, writing, or proofreading of the article, or
                        offered any comments or suggestions, should be acknowledged. Briefly, everyone who has
                        contributed significantly to the improvement of the paper should be acknowledged. It is
                        recommended to mention the "Declared None" if there is no acknowledgement for the study.</p>
                    <p>Guest or honorary authorship based solely on position (e.g. research supervisor, departmental
                        head)
                        is discouraged.</p>
                    <p>The specific requirements for authorship have been defined by the International Committee of
                        Medical
                        Journal Editors (<a href="http://www.icmje.org/">www.icmje.org</a>). Examples of authors'
                        contributions are: 'designed research/study', 'performed research/study', 'contributed important
                        reagents', 'collected data', 'analyzed data', 'wrote paper' etc. This information must be
                        included in the submitted manuscript as a separate paragraph under the heading 'Authors'
                        Contirbution'. The
                        corresponding author is responsible for obtaining permission from all co-authors for the
                        submission
                        of any version of the manuscript and for any changes in the authorship.</p>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>HUMAN AND ANIMAL RIGHTS</h6>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Research Involving Humans</h6>
                        <p> All clinical investigations should be conducted according to the <a
                                href="https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/"
                                class="text-primary">Declaration
                                of Helsinki</a> principles. For all manuscripts reporting data from studies involving
                            human
                            participants, formal review and approval by an appropriate institutional review board or
                            ethics
                            committee are required.</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>Patient Consent</h6>
                    <p>Compliance with the guidelines of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (<a
                            href="http://www.icmje.org" class="text-primary">www.icmje.org</a>) is recommended, in
                        accordance with the patient’s
                        consent for research or participation in a study as per the applicable laws and regulations
                        regarding the privacy and/or security of personal information, including, but not limited to,
                        the
                        Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ("HIPAA") and other U.S. federal and
                        state laws relating to confidentiality and security of personally distinguishable evidence, the
                        General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679 and member state implementing
                        legislation,
                        Canada's Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, India's Information
                        Technology Act and related Privacy Rules, (together "Data Protection and Privacy Laws"). </p>
                    <p>It is the responsibility of the author to ensure that:</p>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <p>Patients' names, initials, or hospital numbers are not mentioned anywhere in the
                                manuscript
                                (including figures). </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Authors are responsible for obtaining the patient consent-to-disclose forms for all
                                recognizable patients in photographs, videos, or other information that may be published
                                in
                                the Journal, in derivative works, or on the journal’s website and for providing the
                                manuscript to the recognizable patient for review before submission. </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>The consent-to-disclose form should indicate specific use (publication in the medical
                                literature in print and online, with the understanding that patients and the public will
                                have access) of the patient's information and any images in figures or videos, and must
                                contain the patient's signature or that of a legal guardian along with a statement that
                                the
                                patient or legal guardian has been offered the opportunity to review the identifying
                                materials and the accompanying manuscript.</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>If the manuscript has an individuals’ data, such as personal details, audio-video
                                material,
                                <em>etc</em>., consent should be obtained from that individual. In case of children,
                                consent should be obtained from the parent or the legal guardian.
                            </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>A specific declaration of such approval and consent-to-disclose form must be made in the
                                copyright letter and in a stand-alone paragraph at the end of the article especially in
                                the
                                case of human studies where inclusion of a statement regarding obtaining the written
                                informed consent from each subject or subject's guardian is a must. The original should
                                be
                                retained by the guarantor or the corresponding author. Editors may request to provide
                                the
                                original forms by fax or email.</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>All such case reports require by a proper consent being obtained prior to publishing.
                                Please refer COPE guidelines available at <strong><a
                                        href="https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines/journals%E2%80%99-best-practices-ensuring-consent-publishing-medical-case-reports"
                                        target="_blank"
                                        class="text-primary">https://publicationethics.org/resources/guidelines/journals%E2%80%99-best-practices-ensuring-consent-publishing-medical-case-reports</a></strong>.
                            </p>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                    <p>Editors may request that authors provide documentation of the formal review and recommendation
                        from
                        the institutional review board or ethics committee responsible for oversight of the study. The
                        editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the above-mentioned
                        requirements. The author will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the
                        above-mentioned requirements.</p>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Non-identifiable Images</h6>
                        <p>Anonymous images, that do not identify the individual directly or indirectly, such as through
                            any
                            identifying marks or text, do not require formal consent, for example, X-rays, ultrasound
                            images, pathology slides or laparoscopic images.</p>
                        <p>In case consent is not obtained, concealing the identity through eye bars or blurring the
                            face
                            would not be acceptable. </p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>Research Involving Animals</h6>
                    <p>For research involving animals, the authors should indicate whether the procedures followed were
                        in
                        accordance with the standards set forth in the eighth edition of “Guide for the Care and Use of
                        Laboratory Animals” (<a
                            href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/guide-for-the-care-and-use-of-laboratory-animals_prepub.pdf"
                            class="text-primary">grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/guide-for-the-care-and-use-of-laboratory-animals_prepub.pdf</a>
                        published by the National Academy of Sciences, The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.).
                    </p>
                    <p>Research work on animals should be carried out in accordance with the NC3Rs ARRIVE Guidelines.
                        For
                        <em>In Vivo</em> Experiments, please visit <a href="https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/arrive-guidelines"
                            class="text-primary">https://www.nc3rs.org.uk/arrive-guidelines</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>Authors should clearly state the name of the approval committee, highlighting that legal and
                        ethical
                        approvals were obtained prior to initiation of the research work carried out on animals, and
                        that
                        the experiments were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations stated
                        below.</p>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <p>US authors should cite compliance with the US National Research Council's "<a
                                    href="https://www.nap.edu/read/5140/chapter/1" class="text-primary"
                                    target="_blank">Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory
                                    Animals</a>"</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>The US Public Health Service's "<a
                                    href="https://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/phspol.htm" class="text-primary"
                                    target="_blank">Policy on Humane Care
                                    and Use of Laboratory Animals</a>" and "<a
                                    href="https://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/Guide-for-the-Care-and-Use-of-Laboratory-Animals.pdf"
                                    class="text-primary" target="_blank">Guide
                                    for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals</a>"</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>UK authors should conform to UK legislation under <a
                                    href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/animals-scientific-procedures-act-1986-amendment-regulations"
                                    class="text-primary" target="_blank">the
                                    Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 Amendment Regulations (SI 2012/3039)</a>.
                            </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>European authors outside the UK should conform to <a
                                    href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32010L0063"
                                    class="text-primary" target="_blank">Directive
                                    2010/63/EU</a>.</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Research on animals should adhere to ethical guidelines of The <a
                                    href="http://www.basel-declaration.org/basel-declaration/" class="text-primary"
                                    target="_blank">Basel Declaration</a> and the
                                International Council for Laboratory Animal Science (ICLAS) <a
                                    href="https://iclas.org/ethics-and-animal-welfare-commitee/" class="text-primary"
                                    target="_blank">ethical
                                    guidelines</a>.</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>The manuscript should clearly include a declaration of compliance with the relevant
                                guidelines (<em>e.g</em>. the revised Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 in
                                the UK and Directive 2010/63/EU in Europe) and/or relevant permissions or licenses
                                obtained
                                by the <a href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/PP-003-En.pdf"
                                    class="text-primary" target="_blank">IUCN Policy
                                    Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction</a> and the <a
                                    href="https://cites.org/" class="text-primary" target="_blank">Convention on the
                                    Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna
                                    and Flora</a>.</p>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                    <h6 class="font-weight-bold">Animal Ethics Guidelines for Studies Involving Animal Subjects</h6>
                    <p><strong>Ethics Approval Exemption: </strong><br>   If a study is exempted from ethics approval, authors must indicate the reasons for exemption in the ethical statement.</p>
                    <p>Following is an example of Ethical Statements: </p>
                    <p>"This study involving animal subjects is exempted from ethics approval for [specific reasons]. The exemption was evaluated and authorized by [Full name of ethics committee], ensuring adherence to ethical standards”.</p>


                    <p><strong>Client-Owned Animals: </strong><br>Client-owned animals (non-commercially available animals such as pets or livestock) should be studied exercising best practices in veterinary care. Authors must confirm that the owner(s) (or their legal representatives) have provided written consent for this purpose.</p>
                    <p>Following is an example of Ethical Statements: </p>
                    <p>"The animal study was evaluated and authorized by [Full name of the ethics committee]. The owners provided written informed consent for their animals' involvement in this study, ensuring ethical treatment and compliance with standards."</p>


                    <p><strong>International Standards and 3Rs Principle: </strong><br>Studies involving animals must comply with internationally accepted standards and adhere to the 3Rs principles (Replace, Reduce, Refine).</p>
                    <ul>
                    <li><strong>Replace:</strong> Whenever possible, replace animals with alternatives.</li>
                    <li><strong>Reduce:</strong> Reducing the number of animals used and</li>
                    <li><strong>Refine:</strong> Refining experimental settings can reduce animal damage.</li>
                    </ul>
                    <p>Authors are encouraged to follow the ARRIVE guidelines (Reporting in Vivo Experiments) for reporting experiments involving live animals.</p>
                    <p>An example of Ethical Statements: </p>
                    <p>"This study adheres to internationally accepted standards for animal research, following the 3Rs principle. The ARRIVE guidelines were employed for reporting experiments involving live animals, promoting ethical research practices."</p>


                    <p><strong>Euthanasia Protocols: </strong><br>Studies on euthanasia, including chloral hydrate, ether, and chloroform overdose, are severely discouraged. Authors should include an in-depth description of any anesthetic, surgical, or euthanasia procedures conducted throughout the study.</p>
                    <p>If the experimental details explained in the study violate the standard animal research procedure, editors may seek extra documentation, such as approval forms and relevant literature citations.</p>

                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>Research Involving Plants</h6>
                    <p>All experimental research on plants (either cultivated or wild), should comply with international
                        guidelines. The manuscript should include a declaration of compliance of field studies with
                        relevant
                        guidelines and/or relevant permissions or licenses obtained by the <a
                            href="https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/PP-003-En.pdf" class="text-primary"
                            target="_blank">IUCN Policy Statement on
                            Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction</a> and the <a
                            href="https://cites.org/">Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
                            Flora</a>.</p>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>Hazard Study</h6>
                    <p>Any unusual risks associated with the use of any chemicals, procedures, or equipment used in the
                        work must be
                        explicitly stated by the author in the manuscript, preferably in both the materials and methods
                        section and the
                        declaration section. For more information, visit The World Medical Association (<a
                            href="https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/public-health/chemicals" class="text-primary"
                            target="_blank">https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/public-health/chemicals</a>)</p>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6 class="text-uppercase">SEX AND GENDER EQUITY IN RESEARCH (SAGER) GUIDELINES</h6>
                    <p>We strive to promote gender and sex equity in research and adhere to the guidelines of Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER)  to ensure inclusivity and rigor of the work. All authors submitting research papers are required to follow the <a class="text-primary" target="_blank" href="https://www.wma.net/what-we-do/public-health/chemicals">Sex and Gender Equity in Research (SAGER) guidelines</a>. These guidelines are intended to encourage the inclusion of sex and gender considerations in research in order to improve the rigor and relevance of our publications.</p>

                    <p>The SAGER guidelines for reporting sex and gender information in methodology or study design, data analysis, results, and interpretation of findings are strongly encouraged. Authors of review articles are advised to address the methods used for selecting, locating, extracting, and synthesizing data; systematic reviews are required to do so.</p>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>RESEARCH CONDUCTED IN SPECIAL OR CRITICAL SITUATIONS</h6>
                    <p>Bentham Science expects all contributors to respect values of justice, benevolence, and autonomy
                        when
                        conducting research. We understand that certain situations such as medical emergencies or
                        humanitarian crises may differ from non-emergency scenarios. Bentham Science recommends that
                        research efforts should not hurt human subjects/respondents or the researchers, and should be
                        conducted with sufficient scientific rigor as permissible in these situations, respectively.
                        Care
                        should be taken to address potential problems faced by persons who may be victims of disasters
                        or
                        involved in a medical emergency. These are vulnerable individuals and their privacy and dignity
                        should be respected. Researchers should make note of this in their research and identify
                        potential
                        issues in their work that may arise because of such situations. Research directed in emergency
                        circumstances should be to the greatest advantage of survivors involved in the research and with
                        the
                        goal of minimizing any future casualties. For guidance, the essential requirements of research
                        in
                        emergency situation are the preservation of human life, wellbeing and security, along with the
                        rights to protection, privacy and confidentiality of subjects.</p>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>UNETHICAL BEHAVIOR</h6>
                    <p>Unethical behavior and misconduct may be pointed out by anyone to the Editor and Publisher with
                        sufficient evidences. The Editor, in consultation with the Publisher, will initiate
                        investigation
                        against this Unethical misconduct, complete the procedure till an unbiased decision is reached,
                        and
                        maintain confidentiality throughout the process of the investigation. The Author should be given
                        the
                        opportunity to reply to all minor or major accusations.</p>
                    <p>In case of serious breaches, the employer may be informed where appropriate, by the
                        Editor/Publisher,
                        after reviewing all available information and evidences or after seeking help from experts in
                        that
                        field.</p>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>Conclusion</h6>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <p>Author(s) and Reviewers must be informed in case of misinterpretation or mishandling of
                                International Acceptable Standards</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>A strict notice should be sent to the author and reviewer to avoid future unethical
                                misconduct</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>An Editorial on the reported misconduct should be published or official notice of
                                unethical
                                behavior should be posted on the website</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Official letter about this misconduct should be issued to the Head of Departments,
                                Funding
                                Agencies of the accused author and the reviewer, as well as Abstracting &#x0026;
                                Indexing
                                Agencies.</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Where required, retraction and withdrawal of publication may be undertaken from the
                                Publisher’s journal in discussion with the Head of the Department of the author or
                                reviewer,
                                and other higher authorities should be informed </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>The Publisher may impose restrictions for some period on future publications from the
                                accused
                                author in the journals </p>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>Consent for Publication</h6>
                    <p>If the manuscript has an individuals’ data, such as personal detail, audio-video material etc.,
                        consent should be obtained from that individual. In case of children, consent should be obtained
                        from the parent or the legal guardian.</p>
                    <p>A specific declaration of such approval and consent-to-disclose form must be made in the
                        copyright
                        letter and in a stand-alone paragraph at the end of the article especially in the case of human
                        studies where inclusion of a statement regarding obtaining the written informed consent from
                        each
                        subject or subject's guardian is a must. The original should be retained by the guarantor or
                        corresponding author. Editors may request to provide the original forms by fax or email.</p>
                    <p>All such case reports should be followed by a proper consent prior to publishing.</p>
                </div>
            </div>

            <div id="randomized-drug-clinical-trial-studies">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">RANDOMIZED DRUG CLINICAL TRIAL STUDIES</h5>
                <p>Randomized drug clinical trial studies are biomedical or health-related interventional and/or
                    observational research studies conducted in phases in human beings who are randomly allocated to
                    receive
                    or not receive a preventive, therapeutic, or diagnostic intervention that follows a pre-defined
                    protocol. The study is intended to determine the safety and efficacy of approaches to disease
                    prevention, diagnosis and treatment.</p>
                <p>Authors of randomized controlled trials are encouraged to submit trial protocols along with their
                    manuscripts. All clinical trials must be registered (before recruitment of the first participant) at
                    an
                    appropriate online public trial registry that must be independent of for-profit interest (e.g.,<a
                        href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov" class="text-primary"
                        target="_blank">www.clinicaltrials.gov</a>). If you wish the editor(s) to
                    consider an unregistered trial, please explain briefly why the trial has not been registered.</p>
                <ul>
                    <li>
                        <p>All randomized clinical trials should include a flow diagram
                            and authors should provide a completed randomized trial
                            checklist (see CONSORT Flow Diagram and Checklist; <a
                                href="http://www.consort-statement.org" class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">www.consort-statement.org</a>)
                            and a trial protocol. For further details, please visit complete
                            guidelines at:
                            <a href="http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/clinical-trial-registration.html"
                                class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/clinical-trial-registration.html</a>
                        </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p> Studies of diagnostic accuracy must be reported according to STARD guidelines; (<a
                                href="http://www.stard-statement.org" class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">www.stard-statement.org</a>) </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p> Observational studies (cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional designs) must be reported
                            according to the STROBE statement, and should be submitted with their protocols; (<a
                                href="http://www.strobe-statement.org" class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">www.strobe-statement.org</a>).</p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>Genetic association studies must be reported according to STREGA guidelines; (<a
                                href="http://www.medicine.uottawa.ca" class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">www.medicine.uottawa.ca</a>)</p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>Systematic reviews and meta-analyses must be reported according to PRISMA guidelines; (<a
                                href="http://www.prisma-statement.org" class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">www.prisma-statement.org</a>)</p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>To find the reporting guidelines see (<a href="http://www.equator-network.org"
                                class="text-primary" target="_blank">
                                www.equator-network.org</a>)</p>
                    </li>
                </ul>
                <p>Important points to remember while submitting clinical trials:</p>
                <ul>
                    <li>
                        <p>Each manuscript should clearly state an objective or hypothesis; the design and methods
                            (including the study setting and dates, patients or participants with inclusion and
                            exclusion
                            criteria, or data sources, and how these were selected for the study); the essential
                            features of
                            any interventions; the main outcome measures; the main results of the study; a comment
                            section
                            placing the results in context with the published literature and addressing study
                            limitations;
                            and the conclusions. Data included in research reports must be original. </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>Trial registry name, registration identification number, and the URL for the registry should
                            be
                            included at the end of the abstract and also in the space provided on the online manuscript
                            submission form. If your research article reports the results of a controlled health care
                            intervention, list the trial registry, along with the unique identifying number (Please note
                            that there should be no space between the letters and numbers of your trial registration
                            number). Studies designed for other purposes, such as to study pharmacokinetics or major
                            toxicity (e.g., phase 1 trials), are exempted. </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p> All reports of randomized trials should include a section entitled “Randomization and
                            Masking”,
                            within the Methods section.</p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>The manuscript must include a statement identifying the institutional and/or licensing
                            committee
                            that has approved the experiments, including any relevant details. </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p> The SI system of units and the recommended international non-proprietary name (rINN) for
                            drug
                            names must be used. Kindly ensure that the dose, route, and frequency of administration of
                            any
                            drug you mention are correct. </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>Please ensure that the clinical trials sponsored by pharmaceutical companies follow the
                            guidelines on good publication practice: (<a href="https://www.ismpp.org/gpp2"
                                class="text-primary" target="_blank">https://www.ismpp.org/gpp2</a>)</p>
                    </li>
                </ul>
                <p>The editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the above-mentioned
                    requirements. The author will be held responsible for false statements or failure to fulfill the
                    above-mentioned requirements.</p>
            </div>

            <div id="availability-of-data-and-materials">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">AVAILABILITY OF DATA AND MATERIALS</h5>
                <p>The source of data and materials should be mentioned in the manuscript, in support of the findings.
                    Sharing research data is integral to its transparency and reproducibility. Data sharing involves the
                    citation and availability of data that support the findings of the research.</p>
                <p>Bentham Science encourages authors to share the source of data and materials in the manuscript, in
                    support of the findings.</p>
                <div>
                    <h6>Research Data Policy Types:</h6>
                    <p>The four types of research data policies are mentioned below.</p>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <p>
                                <strong>Case 1:</strong> Data sharing and data citation
                            </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>
                                <strong>Case 2:</strong> Data sharing and its evidence
                            </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>
                                <strong>Case 3:</strong> Statement for Data sharing and data availability
                            </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>
                                <strong>Case 4:</strong> Data sharing, evidence of data sharing and data for peer-review
                            </p>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </div>
                <h6>Case 1: Data Sharing and Data Citation</h6>
                <p>Wherever appropriate and possible, the journal encourages authors to publish data to support their
                    research findings in a public repository. Any datasets mentioned in the article that are available
                    in external repositories should be cited.</p>
                <p>How to Cite the Data?</p>
                <p>Whether the data was developed by the author(s) or researcher(s), all publicly available data
                    referenced in the preparation of an article should be cited in the text and reference list. The
                    references relating to the data availability should be presented in the following format:</p>
                <p>Example: Name of author(s), the title of data set, data repository, document version (e.g., most
                    recent updated version), Digital Object Identifier (DOI), and Bentham Science reference style should
                    be included in data citations.</p>

                <h6>Case 2: Data Sharing and Its Evidence</h6>
                <p>When authors submit a paper to a journal, the authors agree that the data provided in the
                    publication, including the relevant raw data, will be freely available to any researcher who wants
                    to use these for non-commercial reasons without jeopardising participant anonymity.</p>

                <h6>Case 3: Statement for Data Sharing and Data Availability</h6>
                <p>Data availability declarations are required under Bentham Science research data policy types.</p>
                <p>The statement relating to the data availability should be presented in the following format under a
                    separate section for ‘Availability of Data and Materials’ in the manuscript:</p>
                <ol>
                    <li>
                        <p>
                            <em>The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are
                                available within the article and its supplementary materials.</em>
                        </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>
                            <em>The data that support the findings of this study are available from the
                                corresponding author, [author initials], on special request.</em>
                        </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>
                            <em>The datasets generated or analysed during the current study are not publicly
                                available due to [mention the reason(s)].</em>
                        </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>
                            <em> Authors who do not wish to share their data should clearly state that the data will
                                not be shared, and thus mention as ‘Not applicable’.</em>
                        </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>
                            <em> The statement relating to the data should be presented in the following format:
                            </em>
                        </p>
                        <p>"The data supporting the findings of the article is available in the [repository name] at
                            [URL], reference number [reference number]”.</p>
                    </li>
                </ol>
                <p>
                    <strong>Additional Data Availability Statements</strong>
                </p>
                <p>Authors can add or change the statement(s) above, to fit their work the best. Depending on the nature
                    of the research, several assertions may need to be merged.</p>

                <h6>Case 4: Data Sharing, Evidence of Data Sharing and Data for Peer-Review</h6>
                <p>All datasets on which the paper's conclusions are based must be made accessible to reviewers and
                    readers, according to the journal's rules. Prior to peer review, authors must either deposit their
                    datasets in publicly accessible repositories or provide them as supplementary materials with their
                    submission. For further details, please visit complete guidelines at: <strong><a
                            href="http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/clinical-trial-registration.html"
                            class="text-primary"
                            target="_blank">http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/clinical-trial-registration.html</a></strong>
                </p>

                <h6>Data Access and Retention</h6>
                <p>Authors may provide the raw data in connection with a paper for editorial review, and should be
                    prepared to provide public access to such data. if practicable, and should in any event be prepared
                    to retain such data for a reasonable time after publication.</p>
            </div>

            <div id="standards-of-reporting">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">STANDARDS OF REPORTING</h5>
                <p>The Authors are encouraged to use industry-recognized reporting guidelines for biomedical and
                    biological
                    research, if applicable, to explain that all requirements for reporting have been adopted.</p>
                <p>All authors must strictly follow the reporting guidelines below for preparing the study for
                    publication.
                </p>
                <ul>
                    <li>
                        <p>CONSORT: All randomized clinical trials must include a flow diagram and authors should
                            provide a
                            completed randomized trial checklist (see CONSORT Flow Diagram and Checklist; <a
                                href="http://www.consort-statement.org/" class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">www.consort-statement.org</a>) and a trial
                            protocol.For further details, please visit complete guidelines at:
                            <a href="http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/clinical-trial-registration.html"
                                class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/publishing-and-editorial-issues/clinical-trial-registration.html</a>
                        </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>STARD and TRIPOD: Studies of diagnostic accuracy must be reported according to STARD
                            guidelines;
                            (<a href="https://ibooked.no/stard-statement.html" class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">www.stard-statement.org</a>) and TRIPOD
                            guidelines; (<a href="https://www.tripod-statement.org/" class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">www.tripod-statement.org</a>)</p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>STROBE: Observational studies (cohort, case-control, or cross-sectional designs) must be
                            reported
                            according to the STROBE statement, and should be submitted with their protocols; (<a
                                href="https://www.strobe-statement.org/index.php?id=strobe-home" class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">www.strobe-statement.org</a>).
                        </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>CARE: Case report must be reported according to CARE guidelines; (<a
                                href="http://www.care-statement.org/" class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">www.care-statement.org</a>)</p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>COREQ: Qualitative research must be reported according to COREQ guidelines; (<a
                                href="https://academic.oup.com/intqhc/article/19/6/349/1791966" class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">academic.oup.com/intqhc/article/19/6/349/1791966</a>)
                        </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>CHEERS: Economic evaluations must be reported according to CHEERS guidelines; (<a
                                href="https://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f1049" class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f1049</a>)</p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>STREGA: Genetic association studies must be reported according to STREGA guidelines; (<a
                                href="https://med.uottawa.ca/" class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">www.medicine.uottawa.ca</a>)</p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>PRISMA: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses must be reported according to PRISMA guidelines;
                            (<a href="http://www.prisma-statement.org/" class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">www.prisma-statement.org</a>)</p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>MOOSE: Meta-analyses of observational studies in epidemiology must be reported according to
                            MOOSE
                            guidelines (<a href="http://www.ijo.in/documents/14MOOSE_SS.pdf" class="text-primary"
                                target="_blank">http://www.ijo.in/documents/14MOOSE_SS.pdf</a>)
                        </p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>EQUATOR: To find the reporting guidelines see (<a href="http://www.equator-network.org/"
                                class="text-primary" target="_blank">www.equator-network.org</a>)</p>
                    </li>
                </ul>
            </div>

            <div id="post-publication-discussions">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">POST-PUBLICATION DISCUSSIONS</h5>
                <div>
                    <p><strong>Post-publication discussions</strong> are well-timed and engaging scientific remarks and
                        justifications on research articles published in the journal.
                        These remarks must be based on the information concurrent with the original study and not on the
                        scientific advancements being made subsequently.</p>
                    <p><strong>Manuscript Preparation, Submission & Editorial Process:</strong></p>
                    <ul>
                        <li>Post-publication discussion should commence with a short paragraph that outlines the summary
                            of
                            the article.</li>
                        <li>Authors are advised to avoid using inciting tone in the comments and keep the message clear
                            and
                            concise.</li>
                        <li>The main text should not exceed 1200 words with up to 15 references and may include one or
                            two
                            figures and/or tables.</li>
                        <li>References should be submitted in the ACS or Vancouver style.</li>
                        <li>The correspondents are recommended to contact the original authors first prior to submitting
                            their comments to the journal as this may resolve the issues that may have arisen due to
                            some
                            misunderstanding.</li>
                        <li>The correspondence that has been done with the authors should also be submitted as an
                            attachment
                            with the manuscript.</li>
                    </ul>
                    <p>Any queries therein should be addressed to <a class="text-primary"
                            href="mailto:info@benthamscience.net">info@benthamscience.net</a></p>
                </div>
            </div>

            <div id="figures-tables">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">FIGURES/TABLES</h5>
                <div>
                    <h6>Figures/ Illustrations (if any)</h6>
                    <p>All authors must strictly follow the guidelines below for preparing illustrations for publication
                        in
                        the journal. If the figures are found to be sub-standard, then the manuscripts will be rejected.
                    </p>
                    <p> The authors are expected to submit good quality figure(s) in PDF, PPT, MS Word, TIFF or JPEG
                        versions, which, if required, should be improved yourself or by professional graphic designers
                        of
                        your organization/ country. You may even consider approaching our contracted service providers
                        <a href="http://eureka-science.com/publishing.php" class="text-primary" target="_blank">Eureka
                            Science</a> for Graphics Enhancement
                        Services. </p>
                    <p>The Graphics Designing team at Eureka Science can assist in improving the quality of your images
                        at
                        affordable rates. Eureka Science has offered special rates of <strong>US $155</strong> for the
                        improvement of up to five figures, with any additional figures being charged at <strong>US
                            $25</strong>
                        each.</p>
                    <p>The quality of Graphic Enhancement Services offered by Eureka Science can be viewed at <a
                            href="http://www.eureka-science.com/images/Binder1.pdf" class="text-primary"
                            target="_blank">http://www.eureka-science.com/images/Binder1.pdf</a>,
                        along with valuable feedback on their services at <a
                            href="http://www.eureka-science.com/testimonials.php" class="text-primary"
                            target="_blank">http://www.eureka-science.com/testimonials.php</a>.
                        You may contact Eureka Science at <a
                            href="mailto:info@eurekascience.net">info@eurekascience.net</a>
                    </p>
                    <p>
                        <strong> Note: Availing Graphics Enhancement Services does not guarantee acceptance of the
                            manuscript
                            for publication. The final acceptance/decision on the manuscript is taken by the EiC.
                        </strong>
                    </p>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Guideline for Figures/Illustrations</h6>
                        <p>Illustrations must be provided according to the following guideline:</p>
                        <ul>
                            <li>
                                <p>
                                    Illustrations should be embedded in the text file, and must be numbered
                                    consecutively in
                                    the order of their appearance. Each figure should include only a single illustration
                                    which should be cropped to minimize the amount of space occupied by the
                                    illustration.
                                </p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>
                                    If a figure is in separate parts, all parts of the figure must be provided in a
                                    single
                                    composite illustration file. </p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>
                                    Photographs should be provided with a scale bar if appropriate, as well as
                                    high-resolution component files. </p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>All the numbers, symbols and letters in figures should be consistent and clear
                                    throughout
                                    and large enough to remain readable when the size is reduced for publication.</p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>It must be ensured to cite each figure in the text in sequence.</p>
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Scaling/Resolution</h6>
                        <p>Line Art image type is normally an image based on lines and text. It does not contain tonal
                            or
                            shaded areas. The preferred file format should be TIFF or EPS, with the color mode being
                            Monochrome 1-bit or RGB, in a resolution of 900-1200 dpi.</p>
                        <p>Halftone image type is a continuous tone photograph containing no text. It should have the
                            preferred file format TIFF, with color mode being RGB or Grayscale, in a resolution of 300
                            dpi.
                        </p>
                        <p>Combination image type is an image containing halftone, text or line art elements. It should
                            have
                            the preferred file format TIFF, with color mode being RGB or Grayscale, in a resolution of
                            500-900 dpi. </p>
                    </div>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Formats</h6>
                        <p>Illustrations may be submitted in the following file formats:</p>
                        <ul>
                            <li>
                                <p>
                                    <strong>Illustrator</strong>
                                </p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>
                                    <strong>EPS</strong> (preferred format for diagrams)
                                </p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>
                                    <strong>PDF</strong> (also especially suitable for diagrams)
                                </p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>
                                    <strong>PNG</strong> (preferred format for photos or images)
                                </p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>
                                    <strong>Microsoft Word</strong> (version 5 and above; figures must be a single page)
                                </p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>
                                    <strong>PowerPoint</strong> (figures must be a single page)
                                </p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>
                                    <strong>TIFF </strong>
                                </p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>
                                    <strong>JPEG</strong> (conversion should be done using the original file)
                                </p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>
                                    <strong> BMP</strong>
                                </p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>
                                    <strong>CDX</strong> (ChemDraw)
                                </p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>
                                    <strong>TGF</strong> (ISISDraw)
                                </p>
                            </li>
                        </ul>
                        <p>Bentham Science Publishers does not process figures submitted in GIF format.</p>
                        <p>For TIFF or EPS figures with considerably large file size restricting the file size in online
                            submissions is advisable. Authors may therefore convert to JPEG format before submission as
                            this
                            results in significantly reduced file size and upload time, while retaining acceptable
                            quality.
                            JPEG is a ‘lossy’ format. However, in order In order to maintain acceptable image quality,
                            it is
                            recommended that JPEG files are saved at High or Maximum quality.</p>
                        <p>Zipit or Stuffit tools should not be used to compress files prior to submission as the
                            resulting
                            compression through these tools is always negligible.</p>
                        <p>Please refrain from supplying: </p>
                        <ol>
                            <li>
                                <p>Graphics embedded in word processor (spreadsheet, presentation) document.</p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>Optimized files optimized for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG) because of the
                                    low
                                    resolution.</p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>Files with too low a resolution.</p>
                            </li>
                            <li>
                                <p>Graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.</p>
                            </li>
                        </ol>
                        <p>Technical requirements for graphic/ figure submissions. </p>

                        <table frame="border" rules="all" width="100%">
                            <thead>
                                <tr>
                                    <th>Requirement</th>
                                </tr>
                            </thead>
                            <tbody>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Width = 8.5 inches (In-between the required size)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Height = 11 inches (In-between the required size)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Pixels/Inches = 300 (minimum dpi)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>All figures should be in vector scale (except half tone, photograph.)</td>
                                </tr>
                            </tbody>
                        </table>
                    </div>
                    <div class="mt-3">
                        <h6>Image Conversion Tools</h6>
                        <p>There are many software packages, many of them freeware or shareware, capable of converting
                            to
                            and from different graphics formats, including PNG.</p>
                        <p>General tools for image conversion include Graphic Converter on the Macintosh, Paint Shop
                            Pro,
                            for Windows, and ImageMagick, available on Macintosh, Windows and UNIX platforms.</p>
                        <p>Bitmap images (e.g. screenshots) should not be converted to EPS as they result in a much
                            larger
                            file size than the equivalent JPEG, TIFF, PNG or BMP, and poor quality. EPS should only be
                            used
                            for images produced by vector-drawing applications such as Adobe Illustrator or CorelDraw.
                            Most
                            vector-drawing applications can be saved in, or exported as, EPS format. If the images were
                            originally prepared in an Office application, such as Word or PowerPoint, original Office
                            files
                            should be directly uploaded to the site, instead of being converted to JPEG or another
                            format of
                            low quality.</p>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>Chemical Structures (if any)</h6>
                    <p>Chemical structures must be prepared in ChemDraw/CDX and provided as separate file.</p>
                    <div>
                        <h6>Structure Drawing Preferences</h6>
                        <p>[As according to the ACS style sheet]</p>
                        <p>
                        <table frame="border" rules="none" width="100%">
                            <tbody>
                                <tr>
                                    <td colspan="2">
                                        <underline>Drawing Settings</underline>
                                    </td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Chain angle</td>
                                    <td>120&#x00B0;</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Bond spacing</td>
                                    <td>18% of width</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Fixed length</td>
                                    <td>14.4 pt (0.500cm, 0.2in)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Bold width</td>
                                    <td>2.0 pt (0.071cm, 0.0278in)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Line width </td>
                                    <td>0.6 pt (0.021cm, 0.0084in)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Margin width</td>
                                    <td>1.6 pt (0.096cm)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Hash spacing</td>
                                    <td>2.5 pt (0.088cm, 0.0347in)</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td colspan="2">
                                        <underline>Text settings</underline>
                                    </td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Font</td>
                                    <td>Times New Roman</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Size</td>
                                    <td>10 pt</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td colspan="2">
                                        <underline>Under the Preference Choose</underline>
                                    </td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Units </td>
                                    <td> points</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Tolerances</td>
                                    <td>3 pixels</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td colspan="2">
                                        <underline>Under Page Setup Use</underline>
                                    </td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Paper</td>
                                    <td>US letter</td>
                                </tr>
                                <tr>
                                    <td>Scale</td>
                                    <td>100%</td>
                                </tr>
                            </tbody>
                        </table>
                    </div>
                </div>
                <div class="pt-3">
                    <h6>Tables (if any)</h6>
                    <ul>
                        <li>
                            <p>Data Tables should be submitted in Microsoft Word table format.</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Each table should include a title/caption being explanatory in itself with respect to the
                                details discussed in the table. Detailed legends may then follow.</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Table number in bold font i.e. Table <strong>1</strong>, should follow a title. The title
                                should
                                be in small case with the first letter in caps. A full stop should be placed at the end
                                of
                                the title.</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Tables should be embedded in the text exactly according to their appropriate placement in
                                the
                                submitted manuscript.</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Columns and rows of data should be made visibly distinct by ensuring that the borders of
                                each
                                cell are displayed as black lines.</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Tables should be numbered in Arabic numerals sequentially in order of their citation in
                                the
                                body of the text.</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>If a reference is cited in both the table and text, please insert a lettered footnote in
                                the
                                table to refer to the numbered reference in the text.</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Tabular data provided as additional files can be submitted as an Ms Excel spreadsheet.
                            </p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>It is adequate to present data in Tables to avoid unnecessary repetition and reduce the
                                length of the text.</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>The citation of each table in the text must be ensured.</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>Symbols and nonstandard abbreviations should be explained in the end of the text.</p>
                        </li>
                        <li>
                            <p>All references should be numbered sequentially [in square brackets] in the table and
                                listed
                                in the same numerical order in the reference section.</p>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </div>
            </div>

            <div id="authorship">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">AUTHORSHIP</h5>
                <div>
                    <h6>AUTHORSHIP CRITERIA</h6>
                    <p>Bentham Science Publishers requires that all
                        individuals listed as authors must have made a
                        substantial contribution to the design, performance,
                        analysis, or reporting of the work. The role of
                        authors is judged on the basis of <strong><a
                                href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html"
                                class="text-primary" target="_blank">ICMJE</a></strong> and <strong><a
                                href="https://publicationethics.org/files/u7141/Authorship_DiscussionDocument_0_0.pdf"
                                class="text-primary" target="_blank">COPE guidelines.</a></strong>
                    </p>
                    <h6>Authorship Declaration</h6>
                    <p>All contributing authors are required to sign a
                        copyright letter, mentioning complete details,
                        including full name, affiliation, email address,
                        ORCID ID and their role in the article. After
                        successful electronic submission of a manuscript, a
                        system-generated acknowledgement will be sent to all
                        authors on their provided email addresses.</p>
                    <h6>AUTHORS AND INSTITUTIONAL AFFILIATIONS</h6>
                    <p>The Corresponding Author must provide a final list of authors at the time of submission, ensuring
                        the correct sequence of the names of authors, which will not be considered for any addition,
                        deletion or rearrangement after final submission of the manuscript. The
                        email address of the principal author should be
                        provided with an asterisk. However, the complete
                        address, business telephone numbers, fax numbers and
                        e-mail address of the corresponding author must be
                        stated to receive correspondence and galley proofs.
                        Bentham Science Publishers recommends that all
                        contributors regularly update their profiles on
                        SCOPUS/ORCID and other databases.</p>
                    <p>The corresponding author must have the approval of all other listed authors for the submission
                        and publication of all versions of the manuscript.</p>

                    <h6>AUTHOR IDENTIFICATION</h6>
                    <p>Authors are strongly recommended to use their ORCID
                        ID when submitting an article for consideration.
                        Alternatively, they can acquire an ORCID ID via the
                        submission process. For more information about ORCID
                        IDs, visit <a href="https://support.orcid.org/hc/en-us/categories/360000663034-What-is-ORCID"
                            class="text-primary" target="_blank">here.</a></p>
                    <h6>CHANGES TO AUTHORSHIP</h6>
                    <p>At the time of initial submission, the finalized list
                        of authors in correct sequence should be provided,
                        which will not be changed once the publication
                        process has started.</p>
                    <p>If any change is essential, then it can only be done
                        after the approval of the Editor-in-Chief upon
                        receiving the following details from the
                        corresponding author:</p>
                    <ol>
                        <li>The reason for the change in the author list
                            and/or their sequence</li>
                        <ul>
                            <li>A proper justification should be provided
                                for changes in authorship.</li>
                            <li> Correction of existing names should be
                                accompanied by a notice to the
                                Editor-in-Chief of the journal.</li>
                        </ul>
                        <li>A written confirmation from all the co-authors
                            is a prerequisite for any amendment or removal.</li>
                    </ol>
                    <p>Any amendment to the authors' list will only be considered and approved by the Editor-in-Chief
                        after complete verification. Publication of the manuscript will be withheld during consideration
                        of the request. However, if the manuscript has already been published online, requests approved
                        thereafter by the Editor-in-Chief will result in an erratum or corrigendum. The corresponding
                        author is responsible for obtaining permission from all co-authors for any changes in the
                        authorship.</p>

                    <p>Here is some advice by COPE on authorship issues. Bentham strives to follow these guidelines.</p>
                    <div>
                        <h6>AUTHORSHIP AND AI TOOLS</h6>
                        <p>Bentham Science Publishers recognizes that authors use a variety of tools for preparing
                            articles related to their scientific works, ranging from simple ones to very sophisticated
                            ones.</p>
                        <p>According to the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) guidelines, <em>"AI tools cannot meet
                                the requirements for authorship as they cannot take responsibility for the submitted
                                work. As non-legal entities, they cannot assert the presence or absence of conflicts of
                                interest nor manage copyright and license agreements"</em>.</p>
                        <p>The pertinence of such tools may vary and evolve with public opinion, due to which the use of
                            AI-powered language tools has led to a significant debate. These tools may generate useful
                            results, but they can also lead to errors or misleading results; therefore, it is important
                            to know which tools were used for evaluating and interpreting a particular scientific work.
                        </p>
                        <p>Considering the above we require that:</p>
                        <ol>
                            <li>The authors to report any significant use of such tools in their works, such as
                                instruments and software along with text-to-text generative AI consistent with subject
                                standards for methodology.</li>
                            <li>All co-authors should sign a declaration that they take full responsibility for all of
                                its contents, regardless of how the contents were generated. Inappropriate language,
                                plagiarized and biased contents, errors, mistakes, incorrect references, or misleading
                                content generated by AI language tools and the relevant results reported in scientific
                                works are the full and shared responsibility of all the authors, including co-authors.
                            </li>
                            <li>AI language tools should not be listed as an author; instead, authors should follow
                                clause (1) above.</li>
                        </ol>
                        <h6>General Advice:</h6>
                        <p><a href="https://publicationethics.org/sites/default/files/recognising-authorship-problems-cope-infographic.pdf"
                                class="text-primary" target="_blank">Advice on how to spot authorship problems</a></p>
                        <h6>Before Publication:</h6>
                        <p><a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/authorship-a-addition-before-publication-cope-flowchart.pdf"
                                class="text-primary" target="_blank">Corresponding author requests addition of extra
                                author before publication</a></p>
                        <p><a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/authorship-b-removal-before-publication-cope-flowchart.pdf"
                                class="text-primary" target="_blank">Corresponding author requests removal of the author
                                before publication</a></p>
                        <h6>After publication:</h6>
                        <p><a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/authorship-c-addition-after-publication-cope-flowchart.pdf"
                                class="text-primary" target="_blank">Request for addition of extra author after
                                publication</a></p>
                        <p><a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/authorship-removal-after-publication-cope-flowchart.pdf"
                                class="text-primary" target="_blank">Request for removal of author after publication</a>
                        </p>
                        <h6>NON-AUTHOR CONTRIBUTORS</h6>
                        <p>Activities such as the acquisition of funding,
                            general supervision of a research group or general
                            administrative support, writing assistance,
                            technical editing, language editing, and
                            proofreading alone do not qualify any contributor
                            for authorship. Such contributors may be
                            acknowledged individually or together as a group in
                            the acknowledgement section. Further details for
                            writing acknowledgements are available <a href="#research-ethics-and-policies"
                                class="text-primary" target="_blank">here.</a>
                            Persons not meeting authorship criteria can be
                            acknowledged in the acknowledgement section of the
                            article rather than being enlisted as authors.</p>
                        <h6>GUEST OR HONORARY AUTHORSHIP</h6>
                        <p>All contributing authors should contribute
                            substantially to the article and sign the copyright
                            letter. Bentham Science Publishers discourages
                            authorship based solely on position (e.g., a
                            research supervisor or a departmental head). We use
                            <a href="https://publicationethics.org/files/ghost-authorship-submitted-manuscript-cope-flowchart.pdf"
                                class="text-primary" target="_blank">COPE
                                guidelines</a> for identifying any suspected
                            ghost, guest or gift authorship.
                        </p>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>

            <div id="language-and-editing">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">LANGUAGE AND EDITING</h5>
                <p>Manuscripts containing language inconsistencies will not be published. Authors should seek
                    professional
                    assistance for correction of grammatical, scientific and typographical errors before submission of
                    the
                    revised version of the article for publication. Professional editing services may also be sought by
                    the
                    team available at <a href="/language-editing" class="text-primary" target="_blank">Bentham
                        Science</a>.</p>
                <div>
                    <h6>PROOF CORRECTIONS</h6>
                    <p>Authors will receive page proofs of their accepted paper before publications. To avoid delays in
                        publication, proofs should be checked immediately for typographical errors and returned within
                        <strong>48 hours</strong>. Major changes are not acceptable at the proof stage.
                    </p>
                    <p>The corresponding author will be solely responsible for ensuring that the revised version of the
                        manuscript incorporating all the submitted corrections receives the approval of all the
                        co-authors
                        of the manuscript.</p>
                </div>
            </div>

            <div id="open-access-plus-reprints">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">OPEN ACCESS PLUS (GOLD OPEN ACCESS)</h5>
                <div>
                    <p>Bentham Science also offers authors the choice of “Open Access Plus (Gold Open Access)”
                        publication
                        of articles. This paid service allows authors to disseminate their work to a much wider audience in compliance with the <em>Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License</em> (CC-BY 4.0) (<a
                            href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode" class="text-primary"
                            target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode</a>). 
                        Under this license, authors are asked to indicate whether they wish to pay for the service in order to make their article more widely available on an “Open Access Plus (Gold Open Access)” basis. Where an author does not opt-in for this paid service, the article will be published under the standard subscription-based mode.</p>
                    <p>For more information please contact us at e-mail: <a href="mailto:openaccess@benthamscience.net"
                            class="text-primary">openaccess@benthamscience.net</a></p>
                    <p>Bentham Science offers a 50% discount off the Open Access Plus (Gold Open Access) Fee for
                        manuscripts
                        of all corresponding authors who reside in countries which are categorized as low-income
                        economies
                        by the World Bank. To see if you qualify to the discount, please refer to the complete list of
                        these
                        countries <a href="/pages/special-discount" class="text-primary" target="_blank">click here</a>.
                    </p>
                </div>
                <div>
                    <h6>REPRINTS</h6>
                    <p>Printed reprints and e-prints may be ordered from the Publisher prior to publication of the
                        article.
                        First named authors may also order a personal print and online subscription of the journal at
                        50%
                        off the normal subscription rate by contacting the subscription department at e-mail: <a
                            href="mailto:subscriptions@benthamscience.net"
                            class="text-primary">subscriptions@benthamscience.net</a>. </p>
                </div>
            </div>

            <div id="animated-abstracts">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">ANIMATED ABSTRACTS</h5>
                <p>Extend the scope and visibility of your research by creating an animated abstract. Bentham Science
                    has
                    collaborated with Focus Medica, one of the world’s largest publishers of expert animated atlases and
                    videos in medicine and science.</p>
                <p>An animated abstract will help summarise the essential discoveries/ key findings of your published
                    research or review article. Each professionally produced full-coloured animated abstract in video
                    format
                    (length 3 – 5 minutes) is accompanied by an English spoken or foreign language commentary. The
                    animated
                    abstract will be published online along with the published article.</p>
                <p>The payment for an animated abstract will be <strong>US $1320</strong>. Initially, an advance amount of <strong>US $800</strong> will be payable to the Publisher to start work on the Animated Abstract, while the balance of <strong>US $520</strong> will be payable on completion of the Animated Abstract.</p>
                <p>Authors who opt for the “Animated Abstract” option and also wish to have their article made available
                    on
                    an “Open Access Plus (Gold Open Access)” basis will be entitled to a 50% discount only on the
                    Animated
                    Abstract fee and, in addition, pay the normal Open Access Plus (Gold Open Access) fee.</p>
                <p>Authors will be asked whether they wish to opt-in for this paid animated abstract service, and if
                    not,
                    the article will be published as normal. Animated abstracts are available as open access (free
                    viewing)
                    for maximum visibility and awareness to readers at anytime, anywhere. The animated abstracts are
                    licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution – NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0
                    International Public License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) <a
                        href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" class="text-primary"
                        target="_blank">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</a>
                </p>
                <p>For a sample of an animated abstract please access here <a
                        href="https://www.benthamscience.com/pages/animated-abstract-video"
                        class="text-primary">https://www.benthamscience.com/pages/animated-abstract-video</a>
                </p>
            </div>

            <div id="reviewing-and-promptness-of-publication">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">REVIEWING AND PROMPTNESS OF PUBLICATION</h5>
                <p>All papers submitted for publication are immediately subjected to preliminary editorial scrutiny by
                    the
                    Editor-in-Chief regarding their suitability. The Editor-in-Chief determines if the manuscript</p>
                <p>(a) falls within the scope of the journal and</p>
                <p>(b) meets the editorial criteria of <em>Bentham Science Publishers</em> in terms of originality
                    and quality.</p>
                <p>Manuscripts that appear to be suitable are then subjected to single-blind peer-review by, usually
                    three,
                    neutral eminent experts. The services of eminent international experts are sought through
                    invitations to
                    conduct the peer-review of a submitted manuscript, keeping in view the scope of the manuscript and
                    the
                    expertise of the reviewers. The identity of the reviewers is not disclosed to the authors. The
                    anonymity
                    of reviewers ensures objective and unbiased assessment of the manuscript by the reviewers.</p>
                <p> Before sending the manuscripts to reviewers, <em>Bentham Science</em> seeks consent from
                    potential reviewers about their availability and willingness to review. Correspondence between the
                    editorial office of the journal and the reviewers is kept confidential. The reviewers are expected
                    to
                    provide their reports in a timely fashion since a prompt review leads to timely publication of a
                    manuscript which is beneficial not only to the authors but to the scientific community as well.</p>
                <p>The editorial process and peer-review workflow for each journal are taken care of by a team of Senior
                    Editors, Editorial Board Members (EBMs) and dedicated Journal managers who have the required
                    expertise
                    in their specific fields.</p>
                <p>Bentham Science Publishers carries out independent review of all articles. The reviewers are selected
                    according to their expertise, from our, regularly updated, referee database.</p>
                <p>On the basis of reviewer comments, the Editors may recommend acceptance, revision or rejection of a
                    manuscript.</p>
                <p>After review of the manuscript by at least three independent experts, in addition to the views of the
                    Editor, the decision is relayed to the authors, which may be categorized as:</p>
                <ul>
                    <li>
                        <p>Requires minor changes</p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>Requires major changes</p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>Rejected but may be resubmitted</p>
                    </li>
                    <li>
                        <p>Rejected with no resubmission</p>
                    </li>
                </ul>
                <p>
                    <em>Bentham Science</em> requests not to have the manuscripts peer-reviewed by those experts who
                    may have competing interest with the author(s) of a submitted manuscript. It is not possible for
                    Editors
                    to be aware of all competing interests; it is therefore expected that the reviewers would inform the
                    Editor-in-Chief/Handling Editor if they notice any potential competing interest during the course of
                    review of a manuscript. Moreover, the reviewers are expected to inform the Editors or editorial
                    office
                    of the journal if they have a conflict of interest in carrying out the review of a manuscript
                    submitted
                    by any author/contributor of the manuscript.
                </p>
                <p>The authors are usually requested to resubmit the revised paper within 15 days and it will then be
                    returned to the reviewers for further evaluation. The publishers normally allow one round of
                    revision
                    and, in exceptional cases, a second round of revision may be allowed. If further revision is needed,
                    then the manuscript is rejected and the author is requested to resubmit the manuscript for fresh
                    processing.</p>
                <p>The final decision regarding acceptance or rejection is that of the Editor-in-Chief, depending on the
                    quality of the revision and his assessment of the quality of the manuscript. In rare cases,
                    manuscripts
                    recommended for publication by the referees may be rejected in the final assessment by the
                    Editor-in-Chief.</p>
                <p>The time frame for revision of any article may vary from one to four weeks, depending on the nature
                    of
                    the revision required (minor or major). However, authors who need extra time for revision should
                    consult
                    the Editor-in-Chief/Handling Editor with valid reasons and the submission date of the revised
                    manuscript
                    may be extended if the request is genuine.</p>
                <p>After the successful completion of the review and acceptance of the article, the articles are typeset
                    and
                    proofs are dispatched to authors for any corrections prior to final publication.</p>
            </div>

            <div id="gain-more-publication-reach-and-impact-via-kudos">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">GAIN MORE PUBLICATION REACH AND IMPACT VIA KUDOS</h5>
                <p>Bentham Science is a publishing partner of Kudos. All authors who publish in this journal will
                    receive an
                    invitation to join the Kudos platform, an entirely free service for authors. Kudos enables authors
                    to
                    help broaden their audience and readers, increase their professional profile and reputation, and
                    establish an impact for their publications. The website link is <strong><a
                            href="https://www.growkudos.com" class="text-primary"
                            target="_blank">www.growkudos.com</a></strong>.</p>
                <p>Kudos provides a free platform to researchers to have their publications accessible, read and cited
                    across multiple networks and channels available to researchers for the dissemination of their work.
                    It
                    takes on average 15 minutes and leads to 23% higher growth in full-text downloads.</p>
                <p>Authors are encouraged to explain their work in clear English and to attract researchers of the
                    relevant
                    communities, share a trackable link that you can email to your existing network of contacts, or
                    share on
                    social media and academic websites, and track how well the articles are performing through the
                    summary
                    of views, downloads, citations, and altmetrics on the Kudos dashboard.</p>
                <p>Authors may also use the new shareable PDF (S-PDF) service. The S-PDF provides researchers with the
                    means
                    to write and share a high-level overview for each of their publications. Kudos thereby provides
                    researchers, and their publishers and institutions, with a rich understanding of which channels and
                    activities are most effective for broadening the reach and impact of published science.</p>
            </div>

            <div id="epub-ahead">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">E-PUB AHEAD OF SCHEDULE</h5>
                <p>Bentham Science Publishers is pleased to offer electronic publication of accepted papers prior to
                    scheduled publication. These peer-reviewed papers can be cited using the date of access and the
                    unique
                    DOI number. Any final changes in manuscripts will be made at the time of print publication and will
                    be
                    reflected in the final electronic version of the issue. Articles ahead of schedule may be ordered by
                    pay-per-view at the relevant links by each article stated <em>via</em> the <strong><a
                            href="/journal/31/track/1" class="text-primary">E-Pub
                            Ahead of Schedule</a></strong>. </p>
                <div>
                    <h6>Disclaimer</h6>
                    <p>Articles appearing in E-Pub Ahead-of-Schedule sections have been peer-reviewed and accepted for
                        publication in this journal and posted online before scheduled publication. Articles appearing
                        here
                        may contain statements, opinions, and information that have errors in facts, figures, or
                        interpretation. Accordingly, Bentham Science Publishers, the editors , authors and their
                        respective employees are not responsible or liable for the use of any such inaccurate or
                        misleading
                        data, opinion or information contained of articles in the E-Pub Ahead-of-Schedule.</p>
                </div>
            </div>

            <div id="appeals-and-complaints">
                <h5 class="font-weight-bold">APPEALS AND COMPLAINTS</h5>
                <p>Generally, the editorial decisions are not reverted. However, authors who think that their manuscript
                    was
                    rejected due to a misunderstanding or mistake may seek an explanation for the decision. Appeals must
                    give sound reasoning and compelling evidence against the criticism raised in the rejection letter. A
                    difference of opinion as to the interest, novelty, or suitability of the manuscript for the journal
                    will
                    not be considered as an appeal. The EIC and other relevant editors will consider the appeal and the
                    decision thereafter taken by the journal will be deemed final. Acceptance of the manuscript is not
                    guaranteed even if the journal agrees to reconsider the manuscript, and the reconsideration process
                    may
                    involve previous or new reviewers or editors and substantive revision.</p>
                <p>Authors who wish to make a complaint should refer them to the Editor-in-Chief of the journal
                    concerned.
                    Complaints to the Publisher may be emailed to <a href="mailto:info@benthamscience.net"
                        class="text-primary">info@benthamscience.net</a></p>
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</section>